A) Normativas
Leyes que regulan el ejercicio profesional del arquitecto y urbanista.
Fuente UK GOVERNMENT
Architects Act 1997
20 Use of title “architect”.
.-(1)A person shall not practice or carry on business under any name, style or title containing the word “architect” unless he is a person registered under this Act.
.-(2)Subsection (1) does not prevent any use of the designation “naval architect”, “landscape architect” or “golf-course architect”.
.-(3)Subsection (1) does not prevent a body corporate, firm or partnership from carrying on business under a name, style or title containing the word “architect” if:
(a)the business of the body corporate, firm or partnership so far as it relates to architecture is under the control and management of a registered person who does not act at the same time in a similar capacity for any other body corporate, firm or partnership; and
(b)in all premises where its business relating to architecture is carried on it is carried on by or under the supervision of a registered person.
.-(4)The Board may by rules provide that subsection (3) shall not apply in relation to a body corporate, firm or partnership unless it has provided to the Board such information necessary for determining whether that subsection applies as may be prescribed.
.-(5)A person enrolled on the list of visiting EEA architects may practice or carry on business under a name, style or title containing the word “architect” while visiting the United Kingdom without being a person registered under this Act during the period, and in respect of the services, for which his enrolment is effective.
.-(6)For the purposes of this section a person is not treated as not practicing by reason only of his being in the employment of another person.
.-(7)In this section “business” includes any undertaking which is carried on for gain or reward or in the course of which services are provided otherwise than free of charge.
.-(8)Nothing in this section affects the validity of any building contract in customary form.
Normativa:
Fuente: Corresponsales del COAM
Los Reglamentos de construcción son los instrumentos legales que buscan garantizar que las políticas establecidas en la legislación pertinente se llevan a cabo. Construcción de la aprobación de normas es necesaria para el trabajo la mayoría de edificios en el Reino Unido.
Los Reglamentos de construcción que se aplican a través de Inglaterra y Gales se establecen en la Ley de Construcción 1984, mientras que los que se aplican a través de Escocia se exponen en el edificio (Escocia) de 2003.
El Gobierno del Reino Unido es responsable de la legislación pertinente y la administración en Inglaterra y Gales, el gobierno escocés es el responsable de la cuestión en Escocia, Irlanda del Norte y el Ejecutivo tiene la responsabilidad dentro de su jurisdicción.
Contenido:
* 1 Los cambios recientes en el Reglamento
* 2 aprobados los documentos y el cumplimiento
o 2.1 Estructura de la Parte A.
o 2,2 Parte B. Seguridad contra incendios
o 2.3 o la parte C de preparación del terreno y la resistencia a los contaminantes y la humedad
o 2,4 Parte D. Las sustancias tóxicas
o 2,5 Parte E. La resistencia al paso del sonido
o 2,6 Parte F. Ventilación
o 2,7 Parte G. Higiene
o 2,8 Parte H. drenaje y eliminación de residuos
o 2,9 Parte J. combustión aparatos y sistemas de almacenamiento de combustible
o 2,10 Parte K. Prevención de la caída, colisión y el impacto
o 2,11 Parte L. Conservación de combustible y energía
o 2,12 M. Parte de acceso y uso de los edificios
o 2.13 la parte N, acristalamiento – seguridad en relación con el impacto, la apertura y limpieza
o 2,14 Parte P. Seguridad eléctrica – Viviendas
* 3 edificios exentos
* Los cambios recientes en el Reglamento
Del 1 de enero de 2005, la obra plazo incluye el trabajo sobre electricidad del hogar.
El Cambio Climático y Energía Sostenible Ley de 2006 prevé la microgeneración a incluirse en el Reglamento de construcción, y aumenta a dos años el plazo para perseguir las infracciones de los reglamentos relativos al uso de energía, conservación de la energía o las emisiones de carbono. También requiere que el Secretario de Estado para informar sobre el cumplimiento de estos aspectos del Reglamento de Construcción y medidas propuestas para aumentar el cumplimiento.
Desde el 6 de abril de 2006, el Reglamento de construcción son otorgados por las modificaciones para incorporar algunas de las cláusulas de la Directiva europea de la energía que requieren en los edificios nuevos y existentes a medir, etc El trabajo básico de construcción plazo volvió a ser modificada y ampliada en alcance a las renovación de los elementos térmicos, y la energía utilizada por un espacio en los sistemas de refrigeración, así como la energía utilizada por los sistemas de calefacción. Ambos están ahora sujetos a los límites de la eficiencia y los controles de uso de la energía se requieren. Nuevos esquemas adicionales a competencias fueron propuestos y autorizados, en relación con los sistemas de energía y el diseño eficiente de la energía. Nuevos documentos aprobados para la Parte C y Parte L fueron emitidos junto con los documentos especificados 'segundo nivel' de orientación
* Los documentos aprobados y el cumplimiento
En este momento hay 14 secciones de las normas edificios y cada uno se acompaña de un documento aprobado. Los documentos aprobados por lo general adoptan la forma de afirmar en primer lugar, la legislación y ofrecer una serie de medios que se considera que satisfacen el Reglamento. Las mismas normas son en realidad bastante breve, en el habla común cuando los arquitectos hablan de la "construcción de Regs 'son los documentos aprobados a que se refieren.
La mayor parte de la información detallada sobre los reglamentos de construcción está disponible en https://www.planningportal.co.uk/
Existen una serie de casos que se consideran Edificios Exentos, que incluyen:
* CLASE I edificios controlados por ejemplo, en otra legislación. Cualquier edificio cuya construcción está sujeta a las 5 y Explosivos 1923. O nucleares relacionadas edificios.
* CLASE Edificios II no frecuentados por la gente (a menos que cerca de un edificio ya existente).
* CLASE III invernaderos y edificios agrícolas (No se utiliza para el sector minorista).
* CLASE IV edificios Temporales (Erigido por menos de 28 días).
* CLASE V edificios auxiliares.
* CLASE VI pequeños edificios separados [garajes, cobertizos de almacenamiento / cabañas] (menos de 30 metros cuadrados de área de piso sin alojamiento para dormir en él).
* CLASE VII Extensiones – Porches, caminos cubiertos, conservatorios, (menos de 30 metros cuadrados de área de piso).
El Reglamento de construcción de 2000 se han modificado en cinco ocasiones desde el instrumento legal original fue publicado. Es una buena práctica tener exención confirmada por las autoridades locales pertinentes antes de la construcción.
Fuente WORLD BANK
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION PERMIT PROCEDURE: dealing-with-construction-permits
Planning and building : planning-and-building
Energy Performance of Buildings Certificates in England and Wales: energy-performance-of-buildings-certificates
Building Regulations:
building-regulations/approved-documents
B) Modelos de contratos
Modelo de contrato de la Administración Pública:
Fuente THE PUBLIC CONTRACTS REGULATIONS 2006
Interpretation
2.—(1) In these Regulations—
“Design contest” means a competition, particularly in the fields of planning, architecture, civil engineering and data processing—
.- (a) which is conducted by or on behalf of a contracting authority and in which that contracting authority invites the entry by economic operators of plans and designs;
.- (b) under the rules of which the plans or designs entered will be judged by a jury;
.- (c) under which prizes may or may not be awarded; and
.- (d) which enables the contracting authority to acquire the use or ownership of plans or designs selected by the jury;
Use of the negotiated procedure without prior publication of a contract notice
(c) in the case of a public services contract, when the rules of a design contest require the contract to be awarded to the successful contestant or to one of the successful contestants, provided that all successful contestants are invited to negotiate the contract;
PART 6
SPECIALISED CONTRACTS
Design contests
(1) A contracting authority which organises a design contest—
(a) shall establish the rules for that design contest in accordance with the provisions of this regulation; and
(b) shall not limit the admission of any economic operator to the design contest by reference to the territory or part of the territory of a relevant State.
(2) This regulation applies to a design contest if it is organised as part of a procedure leading to the award of a public services contract whose estimated value (net of value added tax and including the value of any prizes or payments) is not less than the relevant threshold described in paragraphs (4) and (5).
(3) This regulation applies to a design contest whether or not it is organised as part of a procedure leading to the award of a public services contract if the aggregate value of the prizes or payments for the contest, including the estimated value (net of value added tax) of the contract which might subsequently be awarded in accordance with regulation 14(1)(c) (provided that the contracting authority does not exclude such an award), is not less than the relevant threshold described in paragraphs (4) and (5).
(4) Subject to paragraph (5), the relevant threshold for the purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) is—
(a) 137,000 euro where offers are sought by a Schedule 1 entity; or
(b) 211,000 euro where offers are sought by any other contracting authority.
(5) For the purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) the relevant threshold is 211,000 euro in the case of a public services contract which is—
(a) for telecommunications services specified under CPV references 64200000-8 to 64228200-2, 72318000-7, and 72530000-9 to 72532000-3 within category 5 of Part A of Schedule 3;
(b) for research and development services specified in category 8 or Part A of Schedule 3; or
(c) a Part B services contract.
(6) This regulation does not apply to a design contest—
(a) where the contracting authority is a utility within the meaning of regulation 3 of the Utilities Contracts Regulations 2006 and that contract is for the purposes of carrying out an activity specified in any Part of Schedule 1 to those Regulations in which the utility is specified;
(b) where the principal purpose is to permit the contracting authority to provide or exploit public telecommunications networks or to provide to the public one or more telecommunications services;
(c) which is classified as secret or where it must be accompanied by special security measures in accordance with the laws, regulations or administrative provisions of any part of the United Kingdom or when the protection of the essential interests of the security of the United Kingdom requires it;
(d) where different rules govern the procedures of the design contest and it is to be entered into in accordance with—
(i) an international agreement to which the United Kingdom and a State which is not a relevant State are parties and it relates to a design contest intended for the joint implementation or exploitation of a project related to that agreement;
(ii) an international agreement relating to the stationing of troops; or
(iii) the design contest procedures of an organisation of which only States are members (an “international organisation”) or of which only States or international organisations are members; or
(e) which is otherwise excluded from the scope of these Regulations.
(7) The contracting authority shall publicise its intention to hold a design contest by sending to the Official Journal a notice in the form of the design contest notice in Annex XII to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1564/2005 and containing the information therein specified.
(8) The contracting authority shall make the rules of the design contest available to economic operators which wish to participate in the contest.
(9) Regulations 28(2) and 29 apply to design contests as they apply to the seeking of offers in relation to a proposed public contract.
(10) Regulation 42(1)(b) to (8) applies to notices relating to design contests as it applies to notices in relation to a proposed public contract.
(11) Regulation 44(1), (2) and (4) applies to all communications relating to design contests as it applies to a proposed public contract.
(12) The contracting authority shall ensure that the specified means of communication and the storage of information enables—
(a) the integrity and confidentiality of information provided by those economic operators participating in the design contest to be maintained; and
(b) the jury to ascertain the contents of proposals only after the time limit for their submission has expired.
(13) Where the contracting authority requires that proposals are to be transmitted by electronic means, it shall ensure that—
(a) details of the equipment which is necessary for the electronic receipt of proposals, including encryption, are available to all economic operators which wish to participate in the design contest; and
(b) the equipment for the electronic receipt of proposals complies with the requirements of regulation 44(6).
(14) Where the contracting authority restricts the number of economic operators in the design contest, it shall—
(a) establish clear and non-discriminatory criteria to select those economic operators; and
(b) ensure that the number of economic operators selected is sufficient to ensure adequate competition.
(15) A contracting authority shall ensure that—
(a) the members of the jury are all individuals who are independent of those economic operators participating in the design contest;
(b) where the economic operators are required to possess a particular professional qualification, that at least one third of the members of the jury also possess that qualification or an equivalent qualification;
(c) the proposals of the economic operators are submitted to the jury without any indication as to the authorship of each proposal;
(d) the jury makes its decisions or opinions independently and solely on the basis of the criteria specified in the notice referred to in paragraph (7);
(e) the jury is not informed of the authorship of any proposal until after it has reached its decision or opinion;
(f) the jury prepares minutes signed by its members in which it records—
(i) its ranking of the proposals based upon its assessment of each proposal’s merits; and
(ii) its observations or details of any issues upon which clarification is required in relation to each proposal; and
(g) the jury may invite the economic operators to answer any questions to clarify issues noted in the minutes referred to in sub-paragraph (f) and shall record complete minutes of any such communications with economic operators.
(16) The contracting authority shall, not later than 48 days after the date the jury makes its selection, publicise the results of the design contest by sending to the Official Journal a notice in the form of the notice of the results of a design contest in Annex XIII to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1564/2005 and including the information therein specified.
(17) The contracting authority shall retain evidence of the date of despatch to the Official
Journal of each notice.
(18) Any of the information specified in the form of the notice referred to in paragraph (16) to be included in that notice may be omitted in a particular case where to publish such information—
(a) would impede law enforcement;
(b) would otherwise be contrary to the public interest;
(c) would prejudice the legitimate commercial interest of any person; or
(d) might prejudice fair competition between economic operators.
Modelo de contrato de empresa privada
Fuente Architects Consultant Association
Modelo Ejemplo de contrato de servicios por el Architects Consultant Association: Modelo de Contrato Privado
Se pueden obtener con detalle los modelos de contratos en el siguiente link: http://www.jctltd.co.uk/category/standard-building
C) Convenios fiscales
Fuente CONVENIO DE DOBLE IMPOSICION ESPAÑA REINO UNIDO
BOE-A-2014-517
Artículo 3
DEFINICIONES GENERALES
1. A los efectos del presente Convenio, a menos que de su contexto se infiera una interpretación diferente: (…)
k) la expresión «actividad económica» incluye la prestación de servicios profesionales y la realización de otras actividades de carácter independiente;
Artículo 7
BENEFICIOS EMPRESARIALES
1. Los beneficios de una empresa de un Estado contratante sólo pueden someterse a imposición en ese Estado, a no ser que la empresa realice su actividad en el otro Estado contratante por medio de un establecimiento permanente situado en él. Si la empresa realiza su actividad de dicha manera, los beneficios de la empresa pueden someterse a imposición en el otro Estado, pero sólo en la medida en que sean imputables a ese establecimiento permanente.
2. Sin perjuicio de las disposiciones del apartado 3, cuando una empresa de un Estado contratante realice su actividad en el otro Estado contratante por medio de un establecimiento permanente situado en él, en cada Estado contratante se atribuirán a dicho establecimiento permanente los beneficios que el mismo hubiera podido obtener de ser una empresa distinta y separada que realizase las mismas o similares actividades, en las mismas o similares condiciones y tratase con total independencia con la empresa de la que es establecimiento permanente.
3. Para la determinación del beneficio del establecimiento permanente se permitirá la deducción de los gastos realizados para los fines del establecimiento permanente, comprendidos los gastos de dirección y generales de administración para los mismos fines, tanto si se efectúan en el Estado contratante en que se encuentra el establecimiento permanente como en otra parte.
4. No se atribuirán beneficios a un establecimiento permanente por razón de la simple compra de bienes o mercancías por ese establecimiento permanente para la empresa.
5. A los efectos de los apartados anteriores, los beneficios imputables al establecimiento permanente se determinarán cada año por el mismo método, a no ser que existan motivos válidos y suficientes para proceder de otra forma.6. Cuando los beneficios comprendan rentas o ganancias de capital reguladas separadamente en otros artículos de este Convenio, las disposiciones de aquéllos no quedarán afectadas por las del presente artículo.
Artículo 14
RENTAS DEL TRABAJO
1. Sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en los artículos 15, 17 y 18, los sueldos, salarios y otras remuneraciones similares obtenidos por un residente de un Estado contratante por razón de un empleo sólo pueden someterse a imposición en ese Estado a no ser que el empleo se realice en el otro Estado contratante. Si el empleo se realiza de esa forma, las remuneraciones derivadas del mismo pueden someterse a imposición en ese otro Estado.
2. No obstante lo dispuesto en el apartado 1, las remuneraciones obtenidas por un residente de un Estado contratante por razón de un empleo ejercido en el otro Estado contratante pueden someterse exclusivamente a imposición en el Estado mencionado en primer lugar si:
a) el perceptor permanece en el otro Estado durante un período o períodos cuya duración no exceda en conjunto de 183 días en cualquier período de doce meses que comience o termine en el año fiscal considerado, y
b) las remuneraciones se pagan por un empleador que no sea residente del otro Estado, o en su nombre, y
c) las remuneraciones no las soporta un establecimiento permanente que el empleador tenga en el otro Estado.
3. No obstante las disposiciones precedentes de este artículo, las remuneraciones obtenidas por razón de un empleo ejercido a bordo de un buque o aeronave explotado en tráfico internacional pueden someterse a imposición en el Estado contratante en el que resida la empresa que explota el buque o aeronave.
D) Sueldos y tarifas de honorarios
Fuente: Corresponsal del COAM
Guía de salarios del RIBA:
Los salarios suelen depender del tipo, tamaño y localización geográfica del estudio.
En la guía de salarios del RIBA podemos ver los salarios medios según la cualificación, el tamaño de la empresa y las regiones.
Al principio puede resultar difícil encontrar trabajo sin tener experiencia laboral en Reino Unido, pero una vez que se tiene experiencia se puede negociar mejor.
RIBA fee calculator
Según el portal de Arquitectos Españoles en el Reino Unido, el salario puede oscilar entre £ 35.000 y £ 80.000. Los sueldos varían considerablemente en función de la ubicación, sector y tamaño de la organización empleadora. En Londres habitualmente los salarios son más altos.
En el RIAS ofrece un servicio de bolsa de empleo, que se puede consultar en el siguiente enlace:
RIAS Employment-adverts
Tarifas de honorarios de proyecto:
Fuente RIBA
1. Architects Fees and Appointments
Information on architects’ fees may be found in a leaflet entitled ‘Working with an Architect for your home’ which you can download from the RIBA web-site at http://www.architecture.com/fileLibrary/pdf/02_Working_revise_v2.pdf , and in an annual report: 'Architects fees: a survey of the fees charged by private architectural practices', 2007 edition, available from The Fees Bureau, a division of Mirza & Nacey Research. There is no fixed fee scale in the UK, so an architect will charge a fee taking into account the requirements of the project, his or her skills, experience, overheads, the resources needed to undertake the work, profit and competition.
Before the fee can be agreed, both architect and client should establish:
– the project details and services to be provided
– the procurement method
– an approximate construction cost
– the project timetable.
The architect should set out the project details clearly, in writing, along with his or
her terms and conditions of engagement and the procedures for the calculation and
payment of fees and expenses. The architect may use the RIBA’s Standard Form
of Appointment,
http://www.architecture.com/go/Architecture/Using/Contracts_306.html, a
bespoke contract or an exchange of letters.
2. Methods of calculating fees include:
– a quoted percentage of the final cost of the building work, or
– a fixed or calculated lump sum or sums, or
– time charges, or
– another agreed basis.
Different methods of calculating fees may be used for different stages in the project but the architect and client should agree to this at the outset.
3. Additional fees
i. Additional fees are normally payable to the architect if, for reasons beyond his or her control, he or she is involved in extra work or extra expense is incurred.
ii. For instance, if you
– repeatedly ask your architect to revise the scheme, or
– make constant alterations at a late stage in the detailed drawing preparation, or
– ask your architect to undertake additional work (beyond that which was anticipated and agreed at the outset) -this may include deductions in the scope or substitution of materials/components-,
it is only reasonable that you should pay additional fees, unless you have reached an agreement that such work will be free of charge.
iii. As the project develops the cost estimates are likely to change and therefore if the fee is a percentage of the construction cost, it will be calculated on the estimated cost at that particular work stage. The fee for subsequent work stages may be calculated on a different estimated construction cost.
4. Estimates of building costs
At the early consultation and ideas stage, it is notoriously difficult to attach an accurate estimation of what the construction costs will be for any but the simplest building projects. Market conditions may change, and in an area of, or at a time of, high demand for good builders, tenders can come back much higher than originally forecast.
5. Progress
Architects are expected to keep their clients fully informed of progress with their project, and to alert them straight away to any changes. Where changes to the agreed terms and conditions or service are necessary, the architect should set these out in writing and make sure the client understands and agrees with them.
E) Fases de proyecto
Fuente: RIBA. Plan of Work
The stages are represented by numbers to avoid confusion with the stages in the RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007, which were represented by letters.
The shift to numbers also allows the stages to be aligned with a set of unified industry stages agreed through the Construction Industry Council (CIC). Aligning the stage numbers in the RIBA Plan of Work 2013 with this structure helps to achieve one of the core objectives of the RIBA Plan of Work 2013, namely greater cohesion within the construction industry.
The eight stages of the RIBA Plan of Work 2013 are derived as follows:
Stage 0
Strategic Definition is a new stage in which a project is strategically appraised and defined before a detailed brief is created. This is particularly relevant in the context of sustainability, when a refurbishment or extension, or indeed a rationalised space plan, may be more appropriate than a new building. Certain activities in Stage 0 are derived from the former (RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007) Stage A – Appraisal.
Stage 1
Preparation and Brief merges the residual tasks from the former Stage A – Appraisal – with the Stage B – Design Brief – tasks that relate to carrying out preparation activities and briefing in tandem.
Stage 2
Concept Design maps exactly to the former Stage C – Concept.
Stage 3
Developed Design maps broadly to the former Stage D – Design Development – and part of Stage E – Technical Design. The strategic difference is that in the RIBA Plan of Work 2013 the Developed Design will be coordinated and aligned with the Cost Information by the end of Stage 3. This may not increase the amount of design work required, but extra time will be needed to review information and implement any changes that arise from comments made before all the outputs are coordinated prior to the Information Exchange at the end of Stage 3.
Stage 4
Technical Design comprises the residual technical work of the core design team members. At the end of Stage 4, the design work of these designers will be completed, although they may have to respond to Design Queries that arise from work undertaken on site during Stage 5. This stage also includes and recognises the importance of design work undertaken by specialist subcontractors and/or suppliers employed by the contractor (Performance Specified Work in JCT contracts) and the need to define this work early in the process in the Design Responsibility Matrix.
Stage 5
Construction maps to the former Stage K – Construction to Practical Completion – but also includes Stage J – Mobilisation.
Stage 6
Handover and Close Out maps broadly to the former Stage L – Post Practical Completion – services.
Stage 7
In Use is a new stage which includes Post-occupancy Evaluation and review of Project Performance as well as new duties that can be undertaken during the In Use period of a building.
> Download the RIBA Plan of Work Overview
F) Informe económico, Planes de inversión
>> ICEX – Información sobre Reino Unido
>> Informe Económico y Comercial y Guía País 2022
G) Otros
Crónica de la Corresponsal – noviembre 2018
26/11/2018. Autor: Nieves Valle
Trabajo, seguridad social en Londres, maternidad y vuelta al trabajo, Brexit y regreso a España.
Crónica del Corresponsal – junio 2016
Crónica del Corresponsal – diciembre 2015
Crónica del Corresponsal – octubre 2015
Crónica del Corresponsal – junio 2015
Crónica del Corresponsal – marzo 2015
>ICEX – Guía para la búsqueda de licitaciones y concursos de arquitectura en el Reino Unido
Guía que analiza las fuentes más relevantes donde encontrar publicaciones y anuncios de licitaciones y concursos de arquitectura en el Reino Unido.
